Deep learning methods based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown great potential to improve early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia based on imaging data. However, these methods have yet to be widely adopted in clinical practice, possibly due to the limited interpretability of deep learning models. The Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM) is a glass-box model but cannot learn features directly from input imaging data. In this study, we propose a novel interpretable model that combines CNNs and EBMs for the diagnosis and prediction of AD. We develop an innovative training strategy that alternatingly trains the CNN component as a feature extractor and the EBM component as the output block to form an end-to-end model. The model takes imaging data as input and provides both predictions and interpretable feature importance measures. We validated the proposed model on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset and the Health-RI Parelsnoer Neurodegenerative Diseases Biobank (PND) as an external testing set. The proposed model achieved an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.956 for AD and control classification, and 0.694 for the prediction of conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD on the ADNI cohort. The proposed model is a glass-box model that achieves a comparable performance with other state-of-the-art black-box models. Our code is publicly available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/GL-ICNN.

Computer-aided methods have shown added value for diagnosing and predicting brain disorders and can thus support decision making in clinical care and treatment planning. This chapter will provide insight into the type of methods, their working, their input data - such as cognitive tests, imaging and genetic data - and the types of output they provide. We will focus on specific use cases for diagnosis, i.e. estimating the current 'condition' of the patient, such as early detection and diagnosis of dementia, differential diagnosis of brain tumours, and decision making in stroke. Regarding prediction, i.e. estimation of the future 'condition' of the patient, we will zoom in on use cases such as predicting the disease course in multiple sclerosis and predicting patient outcomes after treatment in brain cancer. Furthermore, based on these use cases, we will assess the current state-of-the-art methodology and highlight current efforts on benchmarking of these methods and the importance of open science therein. Finally, we assess the current clinical impact of computer-aided methods and discuss the required next steps to increase clinical impact.

Conditions which affect our mental health often affect the way we use language; and treatment often involves linguistic interaction. This talk will present work on three related projects investigating the use of computational natural language processing (NLP) to help understand and improve diagnosis and treatment for such conditions. We will look at clinical dialogue between patient and doctor or therapist, in cases involving schizophrenia, depression and dementia; in each case, we find that diagnostic information and/or treatment outcomes are related to observable features of a patient's language and interaction with their conversational partner. We discuss the nature of these phenomena and the suitability and accuracy of NLP techniques for detecting them automatically.

Conditions which affect our mental health often affect the way we use language; and treatment often involves linguistic interaction. In his talk Dr Matthew Purver from Queen Mary University of London presents work on three related projects investigating the use of computational natural language processing (NLP) to help understand and improve diagnosis and treatment for such conditions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a computer science discipline working towards replicating critical human mental faculties, and it has reached a level of capability and maturity where it could have a transformative impact on healthcare and other knowledge intensive sectors. The power, scope and scale of AI applications are increasing exponentially. Here, we draw on key insights from our book on The Future of Business and our upcoming publication on The Future of AI in Business to explore the current uses, emerging applications and future possible impact of AI in healthcare. Finally, to offer a glimpse of the sheer scale of what is over the horizon, we present a scenario outlining the revolutionary impact AI could have on the central tenets and functioning of the UK healthcare system. The technological revolution is already disrupting the healthcare industry across the globe.